Montessori Math
Elizabeth Skora Horgan, PhD • July 13, 2024

Montessori math education is rooted in concrete experience with physical materials to help children's self-discovery of abstract mathematical concepts.


What do you remember about learning math? Many adults remember math being frustrating or tricky to understand, and this feeling often lasts into adulthood. But math is central to everyday life and essential to understanding the world. So where is the disconnect? One underlying problem may be how math is traditionally introduced to children. Math education often teaches abstract concepts before children fully understand the foundations and underlying principles.


In Montessori math, education is based on concrete materials rather than abstract concepts. The child manipulates physical materials that guide them to their own abstraction of complicated mathematical concepts. The materials are intentionally and scientifically designed to be presented sequentially to help children move through levels of math understanding. Children are encouraged to make discoveries through exploring the materials, which is how they begin to understand the rules and formulas of math. The role of the teacher, or guide, is to keep the child interested in making their own discoveries. This process of discovery and understanding is individual to each child. 


Similar to how children’s minds are ready to receive and learn language from birth, they are also primed with a mathematical mind. This is not something conscious, but rather a child’s ability to think in mathematical terms from an early age. In Montessori education, children begin formal math work at age four to ensure they are intellectually ready to enjoy the math exercise. By utilizing concrete objects that a child can interact with, manipulate, and observe, Montessori math education works
with a child's innate mathematical mind to give them a solid foundation in math understanding.  However, if this mathematical mind is not developed concretely, children may not be able to achieve their math potential. It may become too frustrating to understand abstract mathematical concepts and the feeling of failure leads children to decide math is not for them. The same is true if formal math education is introduced too early, or before age four. 


Before age four, children’s practical life experiences help prepare them for their future math learning. There are also ways to support this early math learning at home. Using math language with young children in an informal way, like “We are leaving in two minutes” and “How many plates will we need at the table for dinner?” helps to put mathematical thinking into simple terms. Caregivers can also encourage children to explore the mathematical aspects of their home environment, like temperature, quantity, size, order, and time. Baking and playing cards are two ways to directly engage young children in mathematical thinking before the age of formal math lessons. 


Here are a few examples of Montessori math materials:

Number Rods

The first concrete math material the child works with is called the Number Rods. While most children can count well beyond 10 at age 4, the Number Rods are critical for learning one-to-one correspondence and having a concrete experience with quantity before introducing the symbol, in this case, the corresponding numeral. 

Beads and Bead Chains
When the child has a very good understanding of the numbers 1-10, we move on to working with larger numbers using beads. Pictured is unit (1), 10, 100, and 1000 with their corresponding cards. Using these beads and a series of games, the child is introduced to numbers in the teens, hundreds, and thousands. 

The child uses the short and long bead chains to master counting 1-1000 and to learn skip counting, a preparation for multiplication. There are many activities that can be done with the chains.

Pictured below is the 3-chain. The shorter chain represents the square of 3, which is 9, and the longer chain represents the cube of 3, which is 27. These concrete experiences lead to a deep understanding of math and the relationship between numbers. It is very exciting to lay out and count the longest 1000 chain! 

“A much more real danger, and alas one that is present in many schools, is that of hustling on the child’s mind, and forcing it to do sums in the abstract before it has formed a clear notion of the operation in the concrete”

-Dr. Maria Montessori


By Elizabeth Horgan, Ph.D. October 23, 2025
Starting school is one of the biggest milestones in a child’s early life. For children entering Montessori school, this transition can come as early as the second year of life. The first few weeks in a new school or class are an exciting time of growth and adjustment that can also come with some big feelings (for parents and kids alike!). Having clear expectations and open conversation with your child can help the transition go smoothly for everyone. Here are some key things we recommend keeping in mind as your child starts school: Expect Big Feelings: Transitions are tricky for little ones, and getting out of the car and into the school building can be a big step for your child. Even the most confident kiddos may feel nervous when starting school. Tears, clinging to a parent, or reluctance to say goodbye can be tough to see, but are completely normal in the early weeks of the transition. As the parent, remember that your calmness helps reassure your child that all is well and they will be okay! Talk positively about school and share excitement about your child’s new experiences. Take Time to Learn New Routines: A consistent morning and drop-off routine can help your child adapt more quickly to going to school. Keep your mornings calm and predictable to avoid a rushed drop-off. When you get to school, think about incorporating a special routine you do with your child right before they get out of the car. Then make the drop off short and sweet! Even something as simple as a special phrase or prayer you say before your child exits the car can help them begin to know what to expect. Also, remember that at the beginning of the school year, children are learning new rhythms in the classroom as well. Where to put their things, how to follow the class schedule, and how to choose and complete their work are all big things for your little one. Be patient as your child adjusts. Keep an Open Mind about “Learning”: Remember that in Montessori school, much of the child’s daily work does not look like what you may expect from typical academics. Especially for the toddler class, children spend the majority of their time learning practical life skills, building social skills, practicing courtesy and manners, and engaging in their own self-care. You may not notice dramatic changes in your child’s knowledge or behavior in the first month. Things like putting shoes on and off, cleaning up after snack time, and preparing food are small steps that set the foundation for future learning. Give Social Connections Time to Grow: Some children may connect with their teacher and friends right away, while others may take some more time to join in and build connections. This is completely normal. As children become comfortable with their school community, they will build a sense of security, belonging, and purpose. Give your child time to find their place in the community, and soon they will thrive. Encouraging Independence Gives Children Confidence: Help your child take agency in their own school journey. Encourage them to choose their own clothes and assist them in learning to dress themselves. Include your child in packing their lunch or preparing their school items the night before. Remember why you chose Cross of Life Montessori: Adjustment takes time. But with patience, consistency, and support, the first few weeks at school can build the foundation for years of joy and growth ahead. Children pick up on your emotions and feelings. Even if you are feeling a little bit nervous (which is completely normal!) try to show your child that you are confident in the decision to send them to our school and say goodbye with a smile. They are in wonderful hands! Our teachers have decades of training and practice in helping children adapt to their new environment and are delighted to help your little one find their place. At Cross of Life Montessori, we’re here to walk alongside your family as you adjust to new rhythms, routines, and ways of learning. We’re so excited to participate in your child’s growth and learning! The first few weeks at a new school are a period of adjustment and trust-building as children settle into their new Montessori community. By knowing what to expect and supporting your child with calm routines and encouragement, you can help make the transition to school a positive experience for the whole family. We can’t wait to see your child in class!
By Elizabeth Horgan, PhD May 20, 2025
The Power of Routine for Young Children–Order, Predictability, and Independence